Dr Daniel Pan

I am an NIHR Academic Clinical Lecturer at the University of Leicester and an Honorary Resident Physician (Specialist Registrar) in Infectious Diseases and General Internal Medicine at University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust. I studied medicine at Imperial College London and completed my Academic Foundation Programme and Core Medical Training in Yorkshire and London before joining Leicester in 2019 as an NIHR Academic Clinical Fellow. Between 2022 and 2025, I held an NIHR Doctoral Research Fellowship investigating the transmission of respiratory viruses.

My research focuses on how respiratory viruses spread, how we can measure an individual’s infectiousness, and how this knowledge can improve clinical care and public health. I combine clinical studies, laboratory virology, epidemiology and mathematical modelling to develop better approaches to infection prevention, vaccination and pandemic preparedness. A complementary strand examines how ethnicity, occupation and social circumstances influence exposure to infection, immune responses and clinical outcomes. I collaborate with colleagues at the Oxford Big Data Institute, Imperial College London and the School of Public Health at the University of Hong Kong.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, I contributed to early research documenting the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on ethnic minority groups. I also led research demonstrating an association between exhaled SARS-CoV-2 RNA measured through facemask sampling and subsequent household transmission. This work underpins my continuing interest in developing clinically useful measures of infectiousness. I have led the design and delivery of major studies of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and immunity, including COVMASK and BE-DIRECT. Since 2020, COVMASK has recruited more than 600 participants, with the programme extending beyond COVID-19 to investigate influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, measles and mpox among healthcare workers and hospitalised patients.

My work connects clinical research with policy. I co-led research commissioned by the World Health Organization examining ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 and approaches to reducing them. My research has been cited in more than 100 policy documents internationally and has contributed to UK parliamentary discussions. I have contributed to the UK COVID-19 National Core Studies on transmission and the environment, and immunity, as well as work informing the Scientific Pandemic Influenza Group on Modelling, Operational sub-group (SPI-M-O).

In 2026, I was awarded a JUNIPER Fellowship through the Joint Universities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research consortium. Through this fellowship, I am strengthening links between clinical infection research and mathematical modelling, with a focus on translating measurements of infectiousness into decisions about testing, isolation, vaccination and infection prevention. I also contribute to the Mucosal Immunity in Human Coronavirus Challenge (MUSiCC) consortium, which supports the development of next-generation vaccines intended to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. My guideline work includes contributing to the COVID-19 vaccination chapter of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) guidelines on vaccination in immunocompromised people.

I am an Associate Editor of the Journal of Infection. I chair the NIHR Infection Trainee Network and serve on the Executive Committee of the Epidemiology Special Interest Group of the International Society for Influenza and other Respiratory Virus Diseases (ISIRV). I am a Fellow of the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Medicine and the Royal Statistical Society, and an elected member of Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Honour Society. Patient and public involvement is central to my work; in 2025, I led a public engagement event on respiratory viral infections at Leicester City Football Club.

I have authored or co-authored more than 130 publications and have been included in the Stanford–Elsevier database of top-cited scientists. In 2021, I was named in the Forbes Europe 30 Under 30 list for Science and Healthcare. I was the first trainee doctor to receive the Royal College of Physicians’ Turner-Warwick Lectureship twice across two specialties, cardiology and infectious diseases. More recent recognition includes the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre Emerging Researcher of the Year award and the British Infection Association’s Barnett Christie Lecture in 2025, followed by an ESCMID Young Investigator Award and the UK Clinical Virology Network’s William Tong Prize in 2026.

My research aims to understand how respiratory viruses spread between people, why the risks and consequences of infection are distributed unequally, and how this knowledge can improve prevention and treatment. As an NIHR Academic Clinical Lecturer and practising infectious diseases physician, I combine prospective clinical studies, laboratory virology, immunology and epidemiology to address questions arising in patient care and public health.

A central focus is the measurement of individual infectiousness: identifying when, and under what circumstances, an infected person is likely to transmit a virus to others. Working with Leicester’s facemask sampling team, I have helped develop and apply non-invasive approaches to measuring viral material in exhaled breath. Our longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 research demonstrated an association between exhaled viral RNA and subsequent household transmission, while showing that viral measurements in breath and upper respiratory tract samples can follow different patterns. These findings provide a basis for investigating whether exhaled sampling can improve the assessment of transmission risk.

Through COVMASK, which has recruited more than 600 participants since 2020, I have led studies involving healthcare workers, hospitalised patients and community participants. This work has expanded from SARS-CoV-2 to influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and measles, alongside exploratory studies of other pathogens. My continuing research examines how exhaled viral shedding changes over the course of infection and how it relates to symptoms, immune history and onward transmission. The aim is to establish reliable, practical measures that can inform infection prevention and serve as outcomes in studies of interventions.

A closely connected strand investigates immunity and vaccination. Through BE-DIRECT and related studies, I contribute to research examining the magnitude and durability of antibody and T-cell responses, the influence of previous infection and vaccination, and differences between population groups. Recent work includes longitudinal studies of SARS-CoV-2 booster responses and seasonal influenza vaccine responses. I am particularly interested in connecting these immune measurements with protection against infection and the potential to reduce onward transmission.

Understanding inequalities is integral to this research. I co-led a global systematic review and meta-analysis encompassing more than 200 million study participants, which highlighted the importance of increased infection risk in explaining ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 outcomes. My work distinguishes the determinants of acquiring infection from those influencing disease progression once infected, considering occupational and household exposure, social disadvantage, immune history and access to care. This approach helps identify where interventions should act and has informed collaborative work commissioned by the World Health Organization on reducing health inequities.

Through my JUNIPER Fellowship, I am strengthening the connection between clinical research and mathematical modelling. My aim is to design studies that provide useful estimates of infectiousness and transmission, and to use models to examine the potential effects of testing, isolation, vaccination and antiviral treatment. This work supports a longer-term programme linking measurements made in individual patients with decisions about protecting households, healthcare settings and communities.

My wider research addresses antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infection, including global evidence synthesis on the mortality associated with resistant infections in hospital settings. I am developing these interests around improved diagnosis, more precise antimicrobial use and the prevention of avoidable infection.

Across these areas, I work with colleagues in Leicester, Oxford, Imperial College London and the University of Hong Kong. Patient and public involvement helps ensure that the questions we investigate, the sampling approaches we develop and the interventions we propose are relevant and acceptable to the people they are intended to benefit.

For my publications, please visit my ORCID profile.

Publication record (total: 133, h-index: 32)

Original research papers (*joint first authorship)

1. Pan D*, Fletcher E, Decker J et al. First evidence of measles virus detected from exhaled breath in humans. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2026

2. Nazareth J, Martin CA, Pan D et al. Ethnic differences in inactivated influenza vaccine immunogenicity in UK Healthcare Workers: a two-year prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Infection 2026

3. Martin CA, Nazareth J, Teece L, Pan D et al. The impact of ethnicity on longitudinal humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccination. Nature Scientific Reports 2026

4. Bird P, Pan D, Trerattanavong K et al. A systematic review on community-based screening of newly arrived migrants in Europe for tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B and C. European Journal of Public Health 2026

5. Silva L, Gogi M, Lal Z...Pan D...Pareek M. Antibiotic knowledge among ethnic minority groups in high-income countries: a mixed-methods systematic review. Public Health in Practice 2025

6. Pan D, Nazareth J, Bird PW et al. Interpreting the Presence of EBV DNA in CSF Samples. Journal of Medical Virology 2025

7. Gogoi M, Baggaley RF, Silva L....Pan D...Pareek M. Migrants living in the United Kingdom and their perceptions of participation in health research: A mixed-methods study. Health Expectations 2025

8. Martin CA, Baggaley RF, Teece L, Pan D et al. Factors associated with health related quality of life in UK healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study. BMC Medicine 2025

9. George N*, Pan D*, Silva L et al. The prevalence and risk of mortality associated with antimicrobial resistance within nosocomial settings - a global systematic review and meta-analysis of over 20,000 patients. EClinicalMedicine 2025

10. Al-Oraibi A, Woolf K, Naidu J...Pan D...Pareek M. Global prevalence of long COVID and its most common symptoms among healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ Public Health 2025

11. Nazareth J, Veli N, Pan D et al. Duration of the serological response and vaccine effectiveness for the inactivated influenza vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-65: A systematic review and meta-analysis The Lancet Microbe 2025

12. Choi SJ, Martin CA, Teece L...Pan D...Pareek M et al. The association of ethnicity and migration status with agenda for change pay band in NHS healthcare workers: results from the UK-REACH study. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 2025

13. Pan D, Mohamed B, Gupta A et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus infections in cerebrospinal fluid samples, 2019-2023. Journal of Medical Virology 2024 

14. Nazareth J, Adebayo A, Fahad M...Pan D...Pareek M. Cardiovascular medication adherence testing in persons living with HIV: a single centre observation study. HIV Medicine 2024

15. Pan D, Williams CM, Decker J et al. Implementation of facemask sampling for the detection of infectious individuals with SARS-CoV-2 in high stakes clinical examinations - a feasibility study. Future Healthcare Journal 2024

16. Chukwudile B*, Pan D*, Silva S et al. Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Update from 2017-2023. EClinicalMedicine 2024

17. Nazareth J,* Martin CA*, Pan D et al. Immunogenicity of concomitant SARS-CoV-2 and influenza vaccination in UK healthcare workers - a prospective longitudinal observational study. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe 2024

18. Antoun I, Alkhayer A, Kotb A...Pan D. The prevalence and prognostic value of diabetes and hypertension in patients treated for cholera during the ongoing Syrian conflict. Clinical Infection in Practice 2024

19. Chaka A*, Pan D*, Irshad M et al. Inclusion of racial and ethnic groups in clinical trials for COVID-19 and post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: an analysis of studies registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. Journal of Infection 2024

20. Ekezie W, Martin CA, Baggaley RF….Pan D…Pareek M. Association between ethnicity and migration status with the prevalence of single and multiple long-term conditions in UK healthcare workers. BMC Medicine 2023

21. Martin CA, Medisauskaite A, Gogi M…Pan D…Pareek M. Attrition of the healthcare workforce and its association with discrimination and feeling undervalued: a cross-sectional analysis from the UK-REACH study. The Lancet 2023

22. Wilson NM, Calabria C, Warren A…Pan D. Quantifying hospital environmental ventilation using carbon dioxide monitoring - a multicentre study. Anaesthesia 2023

23. Irizar P, Kapadia D, Amele S…Pan D, Pareek M. Pathways to ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 health outcomes in the United Kingdom: a systematic map. Social Science and Medicine 2023

24. Pan D, Atkinson B, Decker J et al. Concomitant, consecutive self-obtained facemask and swab samples from exhaled breath, pox lesions, nasopharynx and the face in patients recovering from mpox – a longitudinal sampling study. Journal of Infection 2023

25. McBridge M, Martin CA, Teece L…Pan D…Pareek M. Worsening financial concerns lead to symptoms of depression in healthcare workers: a longitudinal cohort study from UK-REACH. British Journal of Psychiatry Open 2023

26. Liu X, Munro APS, Wright A…Pan D…Faust S. Persistence of immune responses after heterologous and homologous third COVID-19 vaccine dose schedules in the UK: eight-month analyses of the COV-BOOST trial. Journal of Infection 2023

27. Martin CA, Nazareth J, Jarkhi A, Pan D et al. Ethnic differences in cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in UK healthcare workers: a cross-sectional analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023

28. Iriza P*, Pan D*, Kapadia D et al. Ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, intensive care admission and death: a global systematic review and meta-analysis of over 200 million study participants. EClinicalMedicine 2023

29. Bird P, Pan D, Martin CA. et al. Awareness of HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Tuberculosis and COVID-19 in migrant students in the UK- A pilot survey from an Institute of Higher Education. Journal of Infection 2023

30. Nazareth J*, Pan D*, Kim JW et al. Discriminatory ability of gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry to identify patients hospitalised with COVID-19 and predict prognosis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2022

31. Veli N, Martin CA, Woolf K…Pan D…Pareek M. Hesitancy for receiving regular SARS-COV-2 vaccination in UK healthcare workers: a cross sectional analysis from the UK-REACH study. BMC Infectious Diseases 2022

32. Medina M, Nazareth J, Dillion HM…Pan D…Pareek, M. Respiratory virus transmission using a novel viral challenge model: an observational cohort study. Journal of Infection 2022

33. Pan D, Williams CM, Decker J et al. Exhaled SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load kinetics measured by facemask sampling associates with household transmission. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2022

34. Williams CM, Muhammad AK, Sambou B…Pan D…Sutherland JS. Exhaled Mycobacterium tuberculosis predicts incident infection in household contacts. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2022

35. Qureshi I, Gogoi M, Wobi F…Pan D…Pareek M et al. Healthcare workers from diverse ethnicities and their perceptions of risk and experiences of risk management during the COVID-19 pandemic: Qualitative insights from the UK-REACH study. Frontiers in Medicine 2022

36. Martin CA*, Pan D*, Nazareth J* et al. Access to personal protective equipment in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom: results from a nationwide cohort study (UK-REACH) BMC Health Services Research 2022

37. Martin CA, Pan D, Melbourne C et al. Risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a mult-ethnic cohort of United Kingdom healthcare workers (UK-REACH): a cross-sectional analysis. PLOS Medicine 2022

38. Akbar S*, Pan D*, Ehdode A et al. Prognostic value of maximum NEWS-2 scores in addition to ISARIC 4C scores for patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Journal of Infection 2022

39. Martin CA*, Pan D*, Hills G et al. Predictors of adverse outcome in the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a UK centre. Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease 2022

40. Martin CA, Woolf K, Bryant L…Pan D…Pareek M. Persistent hesitancy for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among healthcare workers in the United Kingdom: analysis of longitudinal data from the UK-REACH cohort study The Lancet Regional Health Europe 2022

41. Pan D*, Kim JW*, Nazareth J* et al. Quantification and prognostic significance of interferon-γ secreting SARS-CoV-2 responsive T cells in hospitalised patients with acute COVID-19. Journal of Infection 2021

42. Munro APS, Janani L, Cornelius V…Pan D…Faust SN. Safety and immunogenicity of seven COVID-19 vaccines as a third dose (booster) following two doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2 in the UK (COV-BOOST): a blinded, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet 2021

43. Liu X, Munro APS, Feng S…Pan D…Faust SN. Persistence of immunogenicity after seven COVID-19 vaccines given as third dose boosters following two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BNT162b2 in the UK: three month analyses of the COV-BOOST trial. Journal of Infection 2022

44. Dejnirattisai W, Huo J, Zhou D…Pan D…Screaton GR. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-B.1.1.529 leads to widespread escape from neutralizing antibody responses. Cell 2022

45. Nazareth J, Barr I, Sullivan SG…Pan D…Pareek M. Intra-season waning of immunity following the seasonal influenza vaccine in early and late vaccine recipients. Journal of Infection 2022

46. Cuthbert JJ, Brown OI, Urbinati A, Pan D…Clark AL. Hypochloraemia following admission to hospital with heart failure is common and associated with an increased risk of readmission or death: a report from OPERA-HF. European Heart Journal Acute Cardiovascular Care 2021

47. Munro APS, Janani L, Cornelius V…Pan D…Faust SN. Safety and immunogenicity of seven COVID-19 vaccines as a third dose (booster) following two doses of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2 in the UK (COV-BOOST): a blinded, multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial. The Lancet 2021

48. Barker J*, Pan D*, Koeckerling D et al. Effect of serial awake prone positioning on oxygenation in patients admitted to intensive care with COVID-19. Postgraduate medical journal 2021

49. Williams C*, Pan D*. Decker J et al. Exhaled SARS-CoV-2 quantified by face-mask sampling in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Journal of Infection 2021

50. Pan D, Pellicori P, Dobbs K et al. Prognostic value of the chest x-ray in patients hospitalised for heart failure. Clinical Research in Cardiology 2021

51. Sze S*, Pan D*, Nevill CR* et al. Ethnicity and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2020

52. Deep A, Upadyay G, Due Pre P…Pan D… Ramnarayan P. Acute Kidney Injury in Paediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome temporally associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 pandemic: experience from PICUS across United Kingdom. Critical Care 2020

53. Pan D, Hills G, Hamilton AR et al. Recommended antimicrobial therapy for common inpatient infections: a comparative review of guidelines across 51 hospital trusts in England. Postgraduate Medical Journal 2020

54. Martin CA, Jenkins DR, Minhas JS…Pan D…Pareek M. Socio-demographic heterogeneity in the prevalence of COVID-19 during lockdown is associated with ethnicity and household size: results from an observational study. EClinicalMedicine 2020

55. Pan D*, Sze S*, Minhas JS et al. The impact of ethnicity on clinical outcomes in COVID-19: A systematic review. EClinicalMedicine 2020

56. Pan D, Pellicori P, Walklett C et al. Driving habits and reaction times on a driving simulation in older drivers with chronic heart failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2020

57. NL Mudalige, Sze S, Oyegeso O…Pan D. To PPE or not to PPE? Making sense of conflicting international recommendations for PPE during chest compressions in patients with COVID-19.  Resuscitation 2020

58. Pan D, Sze S, Rogers B et al. Serial simultaneously self-swabbed samples from multiple sites show similarly decreasing SARS-CoV-2 loads in COVID-19 cases of differing clinical severity. Journal of Infection 2020

59. Arkell P, Pan D, Riley P et al. Should prospective renal transplant recipients be screened for Strongyloides stercoralis? Clinical Kidney Journal 2020

60. Sze S, Pan D, Williams CML et al. Variability but not admission or trends in NEWS-2 score predicts clinical outcome in elderly hospitalised patients with COVID-19. Journal of Infection 2020

61. Shah P, Pellicori P, Kallvikbacka-Bennet A….Pan D, Clark AL. Warm water immersion in patients with chronic heart failure: a pilot study. Clinical Research in Cardiology 2019

62. Zhang J, Pellicori P, Pan D et al. Dynamic risk stratification using serial measurements of plasma concentrations of natriuretic peptides in patients with heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology 2018

63. Cuthbert JJ, Pellicori P, Rigby A, Pan D…Clark AL. Low serum chloride in patients with chronic heart failure: clinical associations and prognostic significance. European Journal of Heart Failure 2018

64. Jackson C, Stagg HR, Doshi A, Pan D…Lipman M. Tuberculosis treatment outcomes among disadvantaged patients in India. Public Health Action 2017

65. Appleton SC, Donnell DW, Singanayagam A, Pan D...Kon OM. Evaulation of prediagnosis emergency department presentations in patients with active tuberculosis: the role of chest radiography, risk factors and symptoms. BMJ Open Respiratory Research 2017

66. Bua N, Smith GE, Totty JP, Pan D…Chetter IC. Dialkylcarbamoyl chloride dressings in the prevention of surgical site infections after nonimplant vascular surgery. Annals of Vascular Surgery 2017

Collaborative papers

1. The RECOVERY collaborative. Sotrovimab versus usual care in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2025

2. The RECOVERY collaborative. Malnupiravir or nirmatrelvir-ritonavir plus usual care versus usual care alone in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised controlled open-label, platform trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2025

3. The RECOVERY collaborative. Higher dose corticosteroids in hospitalised COVID-19 patients requiring ventilatory support (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial. eClinicalMedicine 2025

4. The RECOVERY collaborative. Immunomodulator therapy in children with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS, MIS-C; RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health 2024

5. The RECOVERY collaborative. Aspirin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. The Lancet 2021

6. The RECOVERY collaborative. Colchicine in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2021

7. The RECOVERY collaborative. Casivirimab and imdevimab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. The Lancet 2022

8. The RECOVERY collaborative. Baracitinib in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial and updated meta-analysis. The Lancet 2022

9. East Midlands Respiratory Virus Research Collaborative. Mitigating the return of acute respiratory virus infection. BMJ 2023

10. COV-BOOST collaborative. Corrigendum to “Persistence of immunogenicity after seven COVID-19 vaccines given as third dose boosters following two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or BNT162b2 in the UK: Three month analyses of the COV-BOOST trial”. Journal of Infection 2023

11. The RECOVERY collaborative. Higher dose corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 who are hypoxic by not requiring ventilatory support (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial. The Lancet 2023

12. The RECOVERY collaborative. Emplagliflozin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2023

13. The RECOVERY collaborative. Immunomodulatory therapy in children with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS, MIS-C; RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health 2024

Reports

1. Nazareth K, Baggaley RF, Divall P, Pan D…Pareek M. What is the evidence on existing national policies and guidelines for delivering effective tuberculosis, HIV and viral hepatitis services for refugees and migrants among Member States of the WHO European Region? WHO Evidence Network Synthesis Report 2022

Protocols

1. Ribaric NL, O'Neill-Bryne Z, Hellinger A, Pan D et al. Global prevalence and determinants of hospital-acquired COVID-19: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2026

2. Pan D, Martin CA, Nazareth J et al. Defining within-host SARS-CoV-2 RNA viral load kinetics during acute illness in different respiratory compartments and its association with infectiousness: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2024

3. Al-Oraibi A, Naidu J, Chaka A…Pan D…Pareek M. Prevalence of long-COVID among healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2022

Viewpoints/Editorials/Narrative Reviews

1. Choi JS*, Pan D*, O'Hare A et al. Large language models and antimicrobial resistance among migrants: an equity imperative. npj Digital Medicine 2026

2. Pan D, Choi JS, Choi M et al. Respiratory virus research needs its own PPIE. The Lancet 2026

3. Wong N, Barnes D, Harley J...Pan D. The Internal Medicine Training programme recruitment for resident doctors in the United Kingdom - time for a change? The Lancet 2026

4. Silva L, Baggaley RF, Gogoi M, Pan D...Pareek M. Promoting migrant health as a universal right in the United Kingdom. BMC Public and Global Health 2026

5. Choi JS, Pan D, Choi M et al. Best prepared, worst outcomes: ethnicity, structural integrity and pandemic preparedness. Disease Biology, Genetics and Socioecology 2026

6. Tang JW, Pan D, Loh TP. East Meets West: Overcoming barriers to compliance with mitigation behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic. Disease Biology, Genetics and Socioecology 2025

7. Pan D, Nishimura H, Tang J. Information bias for case-definitions and mortality between, and within studies over time undermines out understanding of COVID-19 transmission and disease severity. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2024

8. Irizar P*, Pan D*, Taylor H. Disproportionate infection, hospitalisation and death from COVID-19 in ethnic minority groups and Indigenous Peoples: an application of the Priority Public Health Conditions analytical framework. EClinicalMedicine 2023

9. Pan D, Hui DS, Tang JW. Defining infection transmission pathways for future pandemic preparedness – an urgent public health research priority. Journal of Infection 2023

10. Pan D, Tang JW. Four key problems that will need to be addressed during the next pandemic. Clinical Medicine 2023

11. Pan D, Sze S, Irizar P et al. Are clinical outcomes from COVID-19 improving in ethnic minority groups? EClinicalMedicine 2023

12. Pan D, Pareek M. Towards an universal definition of long COVID- how do we proceed? JAMA Open Network 2023

13. Pan D, Nazareth J, Sze S et al. Transmission of MPXV: a narrative review of environmental, viral, host and population factors in relation to the international 2022 outbreak. Journal of Medical Virology 2023

14. Baggaley RF, Nazareth J, Divall P, Pan D…Pareek M. National policies for delivering tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis B and C virus infection services for migrants among Member States of the WHO European Region. Journal of Travel Medicine 2022

15. Nazareth J, Pan D, Martin CA et al. Is the UK prepared for the return of seasonal influenza in 2022-3 and beyond? The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2022

16. Sze S, Pan D, Moss AJ et al. Overstimulation of the ergoreflex – a possible mechanism to explain symptoms in long COVID Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 2022

17. Pan D, Sze S, Nazareth J et al. Monkeypox in the UK  - arguments for a broader case definition drawing on lessons learnt during COVID-19. The Lancet 2022

18. Barker J, Koeckerling D, Mudalige NL…Pan D. Awake prone positioning for patients with covid-19 – it’s a matter of time. British Medical Journal 2022

19. Qureshi I, Gogoi M, Al-Oraibi A…Pan D…Nellums L. Intersectionality and developing evidence-based policy: Lessons learned? The Lancet 2022

20. Pan D, Sze S, Martin CA et al. COVID-19 and ethnicity: we must seek to understand the drivers of higher transmission. British Medical Journal 2021

21. Pan D, Mudalige NL, Sze S et al. The new UK SARS-CoV-2 variant and lockdown – causes and consequences. Clinical Medicine 2021

22. Pan D, Sze S, Martin CA et al. COVID-19 and the new variant strain in England – what are the implications for those from ethnic minority groups? EClinicalMedicine 2021

23. Sze S, Pan D, Williams CML et al. The need for improved discharge criteria for hospitalised patients with COVID-19- implications for patients in long-term care facilities. Age and Ageing 2021

24. Teranaka W, Pan D. Discharge Criteria for patients with COVID-19 to long-term care facilities requires modification. Clinical Medicine 2021

25. Minhas JS, Pan D, Sze S. COVID-19 pandemic personal development plan: a model for maximising higher specialty training. Future Healthcare Journal 2020

26. Lim NTY, Pan D, Barker J. NEWS2 system requires modification to identify deteriorating patients with COVID-19. Clinical Medicine Journal 2020

27. Koeckerling D, Barker J, Mudalige NL…Pan D…Ng GA. Awake prone positioning in COVID-19. Thorax 2020

28. Barker J, Oyefeso O, Koeckerling D…Pan D. COVID-19: community CPAP and NIV should be stopped unless medically necessary to support life. Thorax 2020

29. Pareek M, Bangash MN, Pareek N, Pan D…Khunti K. Ethnicity and COVID-19: an urgent public health research priority. The Lancet 2020

30. Pellicori P, Salekin D, Pan D, Clark AL. This patient is not breathing properly: is this COPD, heart failure or neither? Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy 2017

Case reports

1. George N, Pan D, Sze S et al. Gummatous mitral valve endocarditis from tertiary syphilis. Access Microbiology 2025

2. Selvaskandan H, Hull K, Gregory R, Pan D…Bell R. Acute respiratory distress syndrome driven by severe hypercalcaemia and acute kidney injury: a case report and literature review of a rare, life-threatening complication. Clinical Nephrology 2022

3. Pan D, Bridges LR, Parcq J et al. A rare cause of left-sided weakness in an elderly woman: amoebic encephalitis. The Lancet 2020

4. Pan D, Arkell P, Stone NRH et al. Delayed Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome in a renal transplant patient with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia receiving high-dose corticosteroids. The Lancet 2019

5. Pan D, Bouligand J, Guichon-Mantel A, Adams D. FAP in India: a first genetically proven case. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 2015

6. Pan D, Cufari ME, Lim E. Beware of arteria lusoria during lymph node dissection of the right paratracheal fossa for lung cancer surgery. Journal of Thoracic Disease 2014

Correspondence to manuscripts

1. Pan D, Choi JS, Martin CA et al. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 with antiviral use in patients with COVID-19. The Lancet Microbe 2026

2. Pan D, Pareek M, Barer MR.Facemask sampling for respiratory viruses - authors' reply. Future Healthcare Journal 2025

3. Martin CA, Woolf K, Bryant L....Pan D, Khunti K, Pareek M. Corrigendum to "Persistent hesitancy for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among healthcare workers in the United Kingdom: analysis of longitudinal data from the UK-REACH cohort". The Lancet Regional Health Europe 2025

4. Pan D, Choi JS, Martin CA et al. Quantifying the effect of vaccination on transmission in modelling studies. EClinicalMedicine 2024

5. Pan D, Sze S, Nazareth J et al. The monkeypox case definition in the UK is broad - Authors' reply. The Lancet 2022

6. Pan D, Martin CA, Nazareth J et al. Ethnic disparities in COVID-19: increased risk of infection or severe disease? The Lancet 2021

7. Pan D, Sze S, Abraham S et al, Rapid tests for the quantification of infectiousness are required in patients with COVID-19. The Lancet Microbe 2021 

8. Koeckerling D, Pan D, Barker J. Re and safety of tociluzumab in COVID-19 patient: a living systematic review and meta-analysis’ by Tleyjeh et al. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2021

9. Pan D, Sze S, Nevill CR et al. Authors’ reply: Ethnicity and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis EClinicalMedicine 2021

10. Pan D, Sze S, Minhas JS et al. Frailty and mortality in patients with COVID-19. The Lancet Pubic Health 2021

11. Pan D. UK should consider a more cautious approach to PPE. BMJ 2020

12. Pan D, Wong N, Toovey O et al. Reply to: A multicentre longitudinal cohort study of cryptococcosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-negative people in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2020

13. Koeckerling D, Pan D, Mudalige NL et al. Blood transfusion strategies and ECMO during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine 2020

14. Pan D, Zhang L, Pereira AC. Considerations in assessing disability trajectories before and after stroke and myocardial infarction. JAMA Neurology 2018

As an NIHR Academic Clinical Lecturer, I welcome enquiries from medical students, postgraduate students and clinicians interested in undertaking research in infectious diseases and public health. My principal interests include respiratory-virus transmission, the measurement of individual infectiousness, immunity and vaccination, infection prevention, and inequalities in infection risk and outcomes. I am particularly interested in projects that connect clinically important questions with laboratory investigation, epidemiology or mathematical modelling.

For PhD projects, I would generally envisage co-supervision with an experienced academic colleague, most likely one of my own doctoral supervisors: Professor Manish Pareek, Professor Mike Barer or Professor Laura Gray at the University of Leicester, or Professor T Déirdre Hollingsworth at the University of Oxford. The supervisory team would reflect the project’s focus and the expertise needed to support the student’s development.

I would be pleased to discuss potential projects, including opportunities to develop research questions within existing studies and collaborations. Please get in touch with a brief account of your background, research interests and the type of project or qualification you wish to pursue.

Teaching and mentoring are integral to my work as an NIHR Academic Clinical Lecturer and practising physician. At the University of Leicester, I contribute to undergraduate and postgraduate education in infectious diseases, general internal medicine and research methods.

I teach on the Infectious Diseases Special Study Module for final-year medical students and contribute to its organisation, including student selection and coordination of the teaching timetable. My teaching covers a broad range of infectious diseases, connecting clinical presentations with investigation, treatment and prevention. I also teach and assess students on the MSc in Infection and Immunity.

Beyond Leicester, I have regularly taught and mentored participants on the Global Health and Humanitarian Course run by Médecins Sans Frontières, supporting clinicians preparing for the Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. I also teach doctors preparing for the Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians (MRCP) examinations and provide bedside and small-group teaching for medical students during clinical practice.

I have previously established weekly teaching sessions for resident doctors at Leicester Royal Infirmary and continue to contribute to departmental and regional postgraduate education. This includes teaching on critical appraisal, research methods and medical statistics for infectious diseases and microbiology trainees. I also teach nurses and other members of the multidisciplinary team, recognising the importance of shared learning in delivering effective patient care.

My approach aims to help learners connect scientific evidence with clinical decisions, recognise uncertainty and develop confidence in evaluating research. Alongside direct teaching, I am currently an Associate Editor for the fifth edition of the Oxford Handbook of Acute Medicine, contributing to a practical educational resource for medical students and practising clinicians.

Please get in touch for media enquiries, expert opinion, interviews, images or video.

• Innovative Teacher of the Year – Hull York Medical School 2017

• Best Oral Presentation – Rwandan International Scientific Week 2017

• Best Moderated Poster – European Society of Cardiology World Congress 2018

• Turner-Warwick Lectureship (Yorkshire) – Royal College of Physicians 2019

• NIHR Academic Clinical Fellowship - National Institute for Health and Care Research 2019

• Best Oral Presentation – Royal Society of Medicine 2021

• ‘30 under 30’ innovators in Science and Healthcare – Forbes magazine 2021

• Winter Meeting Conference Grant for highest scoring abstract – British Thoracic Society 2021

• NIHR Doctoral Research Training Fellowship - National Institute for Health and Care Research 2022

• Travel Grant for top abstracts from ESCMID Young Scientist– European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2022

• Travel Grant for outstanding abstract submitted to a conference – British Infection Association 2022

• ‘COVID-19 changemaker’ nominated as an individual who went the extra mile to support others during COVID-19 – University of Leicester 2022

• Travel grant for outstanding abstract submitted to a conference - Healthcare Infection Society 2023

• Distinction MRes in Clinical Sciences, University of Leicester 2023. Highest overall score and score for dissertation in cohort

• Travel Grant for outstanding abstract submitted to Federation of Infection Societies Conference 2023 - Microbiology Society

• Turner-Warwick Lectureship (East Midlands) - Royal College of Physicians 2023

• Travel grant for outstanding abstract submitted to Federation of Infection Societies Conference 2023 – British Infection Association 2023

• Best PhD Presentation – Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester 2024

• Best quickfire presentation – NIHR BRC Joint Respiratory Research Day, University of Leicester and University of Nottingham 2024

• Nominated Full Member of Sigma XI, The Scientific Research Honor Society 2024

• Best 3-minute thesis presentation, University of Leicester 2024

• Corrine Camilleri-Ferrante Prize, NHS England 2024

• Sino-British Fellowship Trust Visitorship to Hong Kong, The University of Hong Kong 2025

• Respiratory Infections Career Development Fund Award, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit 2025

• Young Investigator Research Grant, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2025

• Travel Grant for top abstracts from ESCMID Young Scientist– European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2025

• Best poster presentation, Royal Society of Medicine Respiratory Section 2025

• Outreach and Engagement grant award - Microbiology Society 2025

• Emerging Researcher of the Year- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre 2025

• Barnett Christie Award for Young Investigator of the Year in Infectious Diseases - British Infection Association 2025

• ESCMID Young Investigator Award, European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2026

• Future Leader touchINFECTIOUS DISEASES 2026

• William Tong Prize, UK Clinical Virology Network 2026

• JUNIPER Fellow, Joint Universities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research 2026

• Excellence in Research Award, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust 2026

• Best quickfire presentation – NIHR BRC Joint Respiratory Research Day, University of Leicester and University of Nottingham 2026

My research has been the topic of multiple news outlets, including the BBC and BBC Radio Leicester

I have worked with UKRI to describe my experiences of contracting COVID-19 early on in the pandemic, as well as conducting research

I have described work published in The Lancet  regarding one of the only published cases of brain-eating amoeba (amoebic encephalitis) in the United Kingdom 

In 2025, I lead the largest patient and public engagement event in the UK on a respiratory viral infections at Leicester City Football Club - a promotional video can be found here

In 2026, I gave an interview to Touch Infectious Diseases, an online platform for infectious diseases researchers, which summarises the focus of my work and can be found here

2026 University of Leiceter, PhD thesis: 'Investigations into Human SARS-CoV-2 transmission'

2023 University of Leicester, MRes in Clinical Sciences

2020 Royal College of Physicians, Speciality Certificate Examination, Acute Medicine

2019 Royal College of Physicians, Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

2019 Royal College of Physicians, MRCP

2018 University of York, Postgraduate Certificate in Health Research and Statistics

2015 Imperial College London, MBBS

2013 Imperial College London, BSc (Medical Sciences)